Glossary of Computer Related Terms
A
access: the process of obtaining data from a computer.
access provider: a business that sells Internet connections and services to home users, schools and other businesses.
ActiveX control: a feature of a web page, not available with the HTML language, which provides special features such as animation.
actuator: a hardware device, such as a motor, which is controlled by signals from a computer or microprocessor-based control unit.
ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter): an electronic device which changes analogue data, in the form of continuously changing values such as temperature or pressure, into digital signals.
applet: a small, self-contained application written in Java and executable by all modern browsers
application program: a computer program or group of programs which is used to undertake specific tasks. For example a word processor, spreadsheet program or database management system.
archiving: storing copies of important files for reference purposes.
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange. One of the most popularcodes for storing data. All letters and symbols are stored as a number (which ranges from 0 to 127 on most machines). The code for the letter ‘A’ is 65 (or 41in Hex); the letter ‘a’ is 97; space is 32, delete is 127.
ATM: Automated Telling Machine. The hole in the wall from which users can obtain money from a bank or building society.
automation: the automatic controlling of a system or process without any human intervention.
B
background sound: a sound file that is linked to a web page. When the page loads the sound file 'plays'.
backup: This is the process of taking a copy of the data on the system and keeping it away from the computer in a safe place. Different processes and media are used for this. Tape streaming is one of the most popular and most systems are set to perform this backup during the night when the school, college or firm is closed.
bandwidth: a measure of how much data can travel over a transmission medium in a given period of time. Bandwidth is measured in bits per second (bps). The greater the bandwidth the more data can travel.
barcode: a code formed by coloured line of different thickness which can be input directly to a computer system.
batch processing: This is a common form of processing in electricity or telephone systems. The data is held in batches and processing takes place continuously without human intervention.
baud: a measure of how much bandwidth a transmission medium has. It is not used so much nowadays and we tend to use bits per second (bps).
billing: this is simply the process of producing bills or accounts for some service like electricity, gas or telephone.
bit: binary digit 0 or 1.
bitmap: an image represented by patterns of tiny rectangular dots called pixels (picture elements)
bridge: a hardware device that is used to divide a network into a number of isolated groups of computer workstations, while maintaining the overall network structure.
browser: a client application used to view information from the Internet. A browser provides an easy-to-use interface for accessing information.
buffer: an area in a keyboard or printer where data is stored in a temporary capacity before it is finally processed.
byte: the amount of memory required to store one character, such as a letter or number. There are eight bits in one byte. A Kilobyte (Kb) is 1024 bytes, a Megabyte(Mb) is 1024 Kb; a Gigabyte(Gb) is 1024 Mb
C
cache Memory: A cache is a small capacity fast memory, too expensive to be used for the whole of RAM. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and main memory and is used to improve the overall speed of the computer since it is used primarily to keep the most active portions of the program being used.
CAD: Computer Aided Design. A method of using the computer usually with vector graphics to produce high quality technical drawings.
CD-ROM: compact disc - read only memory.
cell: an area in a spreadsheet where data can be placed. It can be referenced by giving its row and column.
character: any symbol that can be typed from the keyboard.
check digit: An extra digit generated by some mathematical process that is placed after a string of numbers to ensure that they have been correctly input. ISBN is a good example.
client: an application program which can be used to retrieve information from a server. Internet clients use World Wide Web browsers.
clip-art: a catalogue of basic, ready-made graphic images which can be pasted into other software applications. Often used in desktop publishing to help create posters, flyers, advertisements etc.
computer crime: This is the name given to any type of electronic fraud. It covers credit and debit cards, electronic funds transfer, software piracy and any other general misuse of a computer system.
Computer Misuse Act 1991: This act deals with planting viruses, hacking into someone’s system and using a computer for any other type of fraud.
configuration: the attributes of the hardware that is needed to set up a computer system.
cookie: the name given to the string of text that identifies the user to certain websites.
Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1989: This act makes it a criminal offence to copy or steal software or manuals.
CPU (Central Processing Unit): the chip which controls the computer. It consists of the ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), the control unit and the memory.
chip: a thin slice of silicon on which an integrated circuit (IC) has been etched.
CSV (Comma Separated Variables): a csv file contains data which can easily be transferred into spreadsheets and databases. For example, weather data collected from an electronic weather station is often stored in csv file format. Each item of data is separated from the next by a comma.
cyberspace: the place you 'visit' when you are connected (via a modem) to the World Wide Web and interact using a web browser.
cybersurfer: a person who uses the World Wide Web.
D
data: information in a form that a computer is able to understand.
data capture: The way by which a computer obtains its data for processing.
data checking: Ensuring that data is complete, reasonable and accurately copied from one source to another.
data compression: Taking files on disk and using software to reduce their size so that they take up less space on a disk.
data logging: a system that uses a computer automatically to collect and store data over a period of time. An electronic weather station is a good example.
data integrity: data integrity is concerned with the correctness of data. Validation and verification checks are both used to ensure the integrity of data.
data portability: the ability to transfer data from one computer system or software package to another.
data processing: taking 'raw' data such as weather data from an electronic weather station and using it to produce useful output such as rainfall bar charts or temperature graphs.
Data Protection Act 1998: A law which restricts the way in which data is collected, stored and processed on computer and other filing systems.
database:a group of related data items, typically organised into a number of records (eg a record for each pupil in the school) with each record divided into a number of fields (eg name, telephone number, date of birth).
database management system: an application program which provides for the input, storage, organisation and interrogation of a database.
data structure: The way data is organised to ensure efficient processing: this may be in lists, arrays, stacks, queues or trees.
debugging: to remove all the errors from a program.
DTP: Desk Top Publishing: the use of an application program which can be used to combine text of different sizes and styles with pictures to produce posters, flyers and newsletters.
digital camera: a camera which has many similarities to an ordinary camera ie a lens, shutter, flash, zoom but which uses a smart media to record the images. The definition of the image is determined by the number of pixels and colours that are stored. Pictures are downloaded from the smart media onto an ordinary PC using a lead and one of the ports. Some cameras allow the user to record the images directly on to floppy disk which either fits into the camera or allows the smart media to be inserted into a floppy adaptor. Digital photographs for internet use are stored at 72dpi (dots per inch)
digital TV: digital TV uses a broadband connection and so can offer a greater range of channels, CD quality sound and better vision. There is also the opportunity for NVOD (Near Video On Demand) and other interactive services.
digitiser: sometimes known as a graphics tablet. A cursor, pen or other device is used to 'trace' over the diagram and convert it to digital data for screen display. They can be any size from A4 to A0 (about the size of a desk)or larger.
disc: a type of storage medium used to hold data and programs.
document: a file, mainly made up of text, produced by a word processor or desktop publisher.
documentation: the materials that accompany an information system explaining how it works and how it should be installed.
DOS: Disc Operating System. An application program which controls the computer.
dot matrix printer: an impact printer that produces characters by using a print head with either 24 or 9 pins that ’punch’ through a ribbon on to paper. Good for multipart stationery.
download: the electronic transfer of information from a host or server computer to a client computer.
dpi: dots per inch. The term used to describe the resolution of a printer. A laser is typically 300, 600 or 1200 dpi. The more dpi the sharper the image.
E
E-commerce: This is selling goods or services over the Internet, as opposed to using traditional methods such as buying goods or services from shops or trading using the telephone.
EDI: Electronic Data Interchange. A system that allows for paperless communication.
edit: to make changes to a document or file. It may mean adding an item of data, deleting items or simply making changes to a word or other item.
EFT: Electronic Fund Transfer. The process of transferring money electronically from one bank to another or form one firm to another.
EFTPOS: Electronic Fund Transfer at the Point of Sale.
electronic mail: usually called e-mail, it is a service for sending messages and files electronically over computer networks.
e-mail address: a unique address to which messages can be sent on the Internet.
encryption: this is a technique used when important data is transmitted from one place to another. The data is coded before being sent and is decoded at the receiving end. An example of this would be sending credit cards details over the Internet when making payment for goods.
EPOS: An Electronic Point Of Sales terminal ensures the electronic transfer of funds at the point of sale ie in a supermarket EPOS is used at the checkouts to provide the customer receipt and, at the same time, update the items in stock. It is an example of EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer)
ergonomics: this is a term describing the correct design of computer and other equipment so that humans be comfortable in their use of computer systems ie how they are able to sit at machines, what type of keyboards they use, how well lights are placed in a room and so on.
Ethernet: a common type of local area network (LAN).
expert systems: software that behaves in much the same way as a human expert would in a certain field of knowledge.
export: most application packages allow the file to be saved in a different format. This is sometimes only possible using the 'export' facility in the package's menu.
eyestrain: This also includes blurred vision and irritated eyes. It is caused by looking at a screen for long periods without focusing periodically at distance objects.
F
fax: a machine which is able to both send and receive text and pictures by using a telephone line.
feedback: This is the name for a process which sends the output data back to the system in such a way that it is able to influence the next input. It is essential for controlling the temperature and humidity of a greenhouse or to change the lights in traffic control systems. It is also used to control the temperature of heating systems or of washing machines and tumble driers.
fibre optic cable: a cable which is made up of thin strands of glass, along which light signals can pass to communicate. There is no need to refresh the signal no matter how long the cable is.
field: a section in a database record into which data is entered, eg surname, date of birth.
file: a document stored by a computer. A file may be a word-processor document, an image, a database or indeed any single, identifiable collection of information.
firewall: a method used to protect a computer network. It prevents access to the protected network but allows the protected network to access other networks outside the firewall.
flat files: A ‘flat file’ is the name given to a collection of records which apply to one particular topic and which do not relate in any way to another collection of records.
floppy disc: a flexible magnetic disc used to store data and program software. Most PCs use 3.5inch floppy discs which are housed in a plastic case.
flowchart: a diagram which is used to show the various stages which occur in a particular information system.
font: a style of typeface like Times or Helvetica. Some are serif ie they have little tails … others are sans serif … just plain (like this text)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): an Internet protocol which allows a user on one computer to transfer files to/from another computer.
G
GIF (graphics interchange format): a common image file format used in Web pages.
grammar check: A utility program that scans text in a word processor to ensure that it is grammatically correct. On suggestions are made about how to fix it if is suspect.
graphics: graphs or charts which are displayed, either on the computer screen or printed out, using an appropriate software application such as a spreadsheet with graphing facilities.
graph plotter: an output device that draws by moving pens of different colours. It is used extensively with CAD
GUI: Graphical User Interface
H
hacking: this is the process of gaining access to someone else’s data without their permission. A hacker is a person who tries to break into a secure computer system.
hard copy: a printout from a computer.
hard disc or drive: a rigid magnetic disc which provides storage space on a computer for data or software applications. It has more storage space and a quicker access time than a floppy disc.
hardware: the components of a computer system that you can actually touch.
HTML (hypertext mark-up language): a simple programming language used to write World Wide Web pages.
high level language: a programming language where each instruction corresponds to several machine code instructions. Instructions in this language must be translated by a compiler or interpreter before they can be processed.
http (hypertext transfer protocol): used when you are visiting Web pages. Your request to access certain information from the Web is sent using http. When you see a URL that begins with 'http://' you know that address points to a Web page.
hub: a hardware device used to join a number of workstations to the rest of the LAN by means of only one link.
hypertext: text displayed on a computer screen which includes hyperlinks. When an hyperlink is clicked on the screen it shows another region of the page, or another hypertext page is displayed.
I
ICON: a small picture representing an item such as a piece of software, a file, storage medium or command.
IE (Internet Explorer): a popular World Wide Web browser.
import: this is a facility within an application package that allows a file, data, graphics, sound or video to be brought into the package for further manipulation or processing.
Information and Data: Information is what is obtained from the analysis of data. Ie it is data to which a meaning has been attached. 01012000 is just an item of data but when it stand for the 1st day of this new millennium it becomes an item of information. Data is information in a form that a computer is able to understand.
information technology: a combination of hardware and software used to make day to day tasks easier to perform. IT embraces a range of areas including computing, communications and electronics.
ink jet printer: a printer that works by spraying ink through nozzles on to the paper.
input: data entered into a computer for processing.
interface: a piece of hardware that protects the computer from much higher voltages from the input source and, at the same time, provide analog(ue) to digital and digital to analog(ue) conversion.
interactive: a program or system that allows the user to respond to questions from the computer.
Internet: the world-wide computer network composed of thousands of wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). It uses the TCP/IP protocol to communicate.
interrogation: the process in which information is retrieved from a file e.g. searching a database file.
Intranet: A collection of web based materials, similar to those on the Internet but stored on a server within an organisation and only accessible to members of that organisation eg a school or business.
IP (Internet Protocol): software used on the Internet to divide data ready for transmission into packets. A computer must be running IP to communicate using the Internet (see TCP).
ISDN (integrated services digital network): a set of standards for high-speed digital communications that provide both voice and data services over a regular phone line.
ISP (Internet service provider): an organisation which provides access to the Internet via dial-up telephone lines.
J
Java applet: a small program, attached to a web page, which is written using the Java programming language. The program runs when the web page is accessed by a web browser.
JPEG (joint photographic experts group): a common image file format.
joystick: A joystick is an input device which enables the user to control movement on the screen by manoeuvring a small lever instead of using the cursor keys or mouse.
K
K or Kb (Kilobyte): There are 1024 bytes in a kilobyte. It is used to measure the storage space of computer memory and discs.
keyboard: an input device which consists of a standard QWERTY (or other, eg AZERTY in France) keyboard and usually also includes a calculator key pad and a range of special keys. Concept keyboards are widely used in education, supermarkets and fast food outlets. They have larger (coloured) keys which can be progammed in some way to work with an overlay.
kimball tag: a small piece of card or plastic with holes punched in it to represent a code. It is used mainly in clothes shops for stock control.
L
LAN (local area network): a network of computers confined to a small area such as a school or office) and separated by relatively short distances.
laptop: a portable computer using rechargeable batteries and with an LCD screen.
laser printer: an output device that uses a laser beam to form characters on the paper. The resolution of the print is measured in dpi (dots per inch) this is typically anything from 300 to 1200 on most school systems.
length check: A validation check to ensure that input data does exceed a certain length. Sometimes and exact length is required in this case.
levels of access: This is usually required in the access of data from databases. In a Health Centre for instance, doctors require a higher level of access to patients’ data than receptionists.
LOGO: A computer language which can, among other things, control the movement of a screen 'turtle'. Used extensively in modelling.
lookup table or predefined list: A type of validation check that is set up by the designer to ensure that input is selected from a given set of inputs in a table or list. In some cases the user may add to this list if the option he or she requires is unavailable.
loop: a sequence of steps in a program that is used to repeat an action.
M
mail server: the computer at your service provider which directs e-mail messages to and from your computer. It also sends files to your e-mail address.
mailbox: the file where your incoming e-mail messages are stored.
mailto: the Internet protocol used to send electronic mail.
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. A method of direct input that involves reading one of 14 specially produced characters in magnetic ink. The amount of ink represents the character. It is used extensively in cheque processing.
memory: a storage area needed by a computer which is found on certain silicon chips. ROM and RAM chips are examples of memory chips.
megabyte (Mb): a megabyte consists of one million bytes.
megahertz (MHz): one million cycles per second, the unit used to measure the speed of the internal clock of a computer. The clock controls the speed of the pulses. The performance of a computer will largely depend upon the 'clock speed' and chip design of the CPU.
merge: to combine data from two or more sources ... perhaps to produce address labels.
microphone: An input device used to convert sound waves or signals into electric signals. Used with a mixer, it may be used to combine many signals together to give the final recording. Most computers now have a microphone build in to the machine.
model: a computer model consists of a series of equations or combination of formulae that describes the behaviour of a process. There is a suble difference between a model and a simulation ... a simulation really is what happens when values are fed into a model.
modem: this stands for MOdulator/DEModulator. A modem is used to convert data from the computer so that it can be transmitted along a telephone line and vice versa.
monitor: the screen, connected to a computer, on which data is displayed. It is also often referred to as a VDU (Visual Display Unit). Monitors have differing resolutions determined by the number of pixels (picture elements) displayed at any one time ... so 1024 by 768 means that there are 1024 columns with 768 pixels in each. The size of a screen (17” for example) refers to the length of the diagonal on the screen.
Mosaic: a World Wide Web browser.
mouse: an input device which controls the screen pointer or cursor.
MP3: MP3 stands for ‘motion picture expert’ and is a method used to compress CD-quality sound music to about one tenth of the file size compared to a normal CD. About 14 hours of music can be stored on a CD.
MPEG: Moving Pictures Expert Group. This is a standard system for storage of multimedia. It is extremely good at compression and storage of video and animation material.
MS-DOS: Microsoft Disc Operating System. This is a common operating system.
multimedia: the combination of different forms of presentation such as graphics, sound, animation and video.
N
netiquette: an informal set of rules and guidelines for using e-mail and newsgroups.
Netscape: a popular World Wide Web browser.
network: a group of computers which are connected together so that they can communicate with each other. There are two main types of network: local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).
network security: Network security is the process of taking both physical and software means of protecting data from misuse by others or from a malfunction or system crash.
newsgroup: an electronic 'message board' for information on a particular topic. Members of a newsgroup post messages to the newsgroup and all other members receive them automatically.
NIC (Network Interface Card): this provides the connection between the computer and the network.
O
OCR: Optical Character Recognition. A combination of software and a scanner which is able to read characters directly into a computer.
OMR: Optical Mark Reader/Recognition. A reader that detects marks in a certain position on a piece of paper. This works in one of two ways … it either reads the amount of carbon deposited by an (HB) pencil or recognises that a mark is there by the varying amount of reflection in the standardised boxes.
on-line services: This is the name given to any service that can be bought or hired using a computer system. It has uses in shopping, banking, making reservations or in e-commerce.
operating system: a program which controls the computer and runs all of the software applications.
optical storage devices: the generic name given to a series of optical disks of which CD ROMs, CD-R ie CD-Recordable drive which has read and write capacity. Using this device about 650Mb of data can be written in about 15 minutes. Standard CD-R disks can only be written to once (WORM … Write Once, Read Many) but there is a type of disk called CD-RW. With suitable drives these disks can be written, erased and rewritten. DVD (Digital Versatile Disks) are also examples of Optical Disks. DVDs have much higher capacity than CDs … probably about 6 to 7 times as much (typically between 4.7 and 17Gb). The latest generation of DVDs allows users to write to disk. DVDs are increasingly being used to store movies and offer the viewer a choice of languages.
organisation types on the Internet:
.com: an organisation type with an e-mail address located in the domain of a commercial business.
.edu: an organisation type with an e-mail address located in the domain of an educational institution.
.net: an organisation type with an e-mail address located in the domain of a network company.
output: the results of the processing of data by a computer.
P
password: an expression (usually 8 to 10 characters) chosen by the user which combines with their user_id to provide safe and secure access to a network or program
peripheral: a hardware device which is attached to a computer and under the control of the CPU.
PIC, PICT and PICT2: an apple graphics standard format
plotter: a plotter is an output device that work on the principle of a mechanical arm or gantry that holds a pen (or pens) which is controlled by computer. The paper is held on a flat bed or on a drum. The output produced is made up of high quality continuous (and different coloured) lines.
PPP (point-to-point): a method of Internet access that enables your computer to talk with your service provider's system via a modem.
presence check: A validation check ensuring that some data is actually input.
Presentation Package: an application package that allows the user to make a series of multimedia slides. Powerpoint is the best known example.
protocol: a method of accessing a document or service over the Internet such as http (hypertext transfer protocol).
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network. The technical name for the ‘ordinary’ telephone network … much of it is now digital but some is still analogue
R
RAM: Random Access Memory. An area of memory that can be accessed very quickly, acting as a temporary storage area for program applications and data.
radiation: VDUs and monitors give out radiation as the function. There is little evidence to suggest it is a major problem although there have been stories of abnormal births in pregnant women who have been using VDUs for long periods of time. There is also a fear that it might be a side effect of using mobile phones.
range Check: A validation check ensuring that input data is within a certain range … eg marks for an exam between 0 and 100
real time: a real time system accepts data and processes it (almost) immediately. The results have a direct effect on the next set of available data. Used in booking systems.
record: a set of related data items about a person or object, e.g. the personal record of a student in school.
relational databases: A database is a group of related data items, typically organised into a number of records (eg a record for each pupil in the school) with each record divided into a number of fields (eg name, telephone number, date of birth). A relational database differs from a flat file in that it can be accessed from one single source since the data in the tables are related to each other in some way using key fields.
robot: an electronic machine that has been programmed to carry out some mechanical task.
ROM: Read Only Memory. As the name suggests this is an area of memory which can store software programs and data, but cannot be changed by a program or user.
router: a hardware device which allows one network to connect to another. The router is used by the service provider to provide the link to special data transmission lines required to access the Internet.
RSI: Repetitive Strain Injury. This is the name given to a condition caused to the joint in the fingers constantly being pounded by typing at high speed. It is painful and can lead to long term disability.
RTF: Rich Text Format. A way of transferring data from one source to another which keeps some of the original formatting. Ie the tab settings, line breaks, bold and italic type styles can be transferred as well as the actual words.
S
scanner: A scanner is an input device used to convert pictures, graphics, barcodes and text to computer data. There are two main types: Hand held devices which is moved across the item being scanned and Flat-bed types on to which the document is positioned. OCR is a very popular way of capturing large amounts of text for processing.
screen dump: a printout or copy of what appears on the screen.
search engine: An information retrieval utility which allows web users to enter search criteria in the form of keywords or phrases to receive database entries satisfying the criteria. Among the most well known are InfoSeek, Lycos, Altavista and Yahoo.
sensor: an electronic device used to measure physical quantities such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and so on.
server: any host computer that provides resources to client computers.
service provider: a business that sells Internet connections to home users, schools and other businesses.
shareware: software which can be downloaded from the World Wide Web. Unlike Freeware, which you can download and keep, shareware is normally available for only a limited amount of time.
Smart card: A plastic card that stores data on a microchip. This data can be changed by certain machines.
snail mail: regular paper mail sent through the post.
software: the programs used in a computer.
spell checker: A utility program that is available within most word processors and other programs that deal with text. The spellchecker highlights words that are not in its word bank either because they have been wrongly spelt or are outside its range: eg proper names or countries. The user has the option of adding to the word bank.
spreadsheet program: a software application for processing numbers using formulae, often used to produce graphics, and also to help in financial planning.
stock control: modern stock control systems are dependent on the computer. As the name implies it is simply a matter of ensuring that there is always enough stock to meet demand but never too much since that ties up money that could be used for other purposes in the business.
store card: most large stores try to attract customers by offering them discounts (points) and other incentives. Some even allow a certain credit limit for spending within the store. Data is often sold on to other agencies.
surf: to travel through cyberspace.
swipe (or strip(e)) card: A plastic card that holds data on a magnetic strip or stripe. This data is usually static and read only ie it cannot be changed by anyone reading from it.
T
TIFF: Tag Image File Format: one of the standard ways of storing and exchanging bit-mapped graphics files across different platforms.
tape streamer: a high capacity device used to back up the data contained on hard drives.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): a software program which is used to control the transmission of data packets across the Internet. This program must be running on a computer for it to communicate with Internet servers (see IP)
teleconferencing: teleconferencing allows people to conduct conversations with people in different parts of the country or the world using a computer, a telephone and a video camera.
TFT: Thin Film Transistor. A thin screen used on laptops/notebooks or in desktops where space is limited.
thesaurus: A software utility found mainly in word processors that suggest words that are similar in meaning to the ones highlighted by the user.
touch sensitive screen: an input device which has is sensitive to touch. Items are selected by touching the screen with a finger. Ideal for use in Banks and building societies, restaurants or bars and tourist information systems.
toner: tiny black plastic particles used by laser printers as the ‘ink’ in printing.
tracker ball: An input device that is a bit like an upside down mouse.
tracker pad: An input device that is sometimes referred to as a glide pad or touch sensitive pad. Usually found on laptops, it is sensitive membrane that allows the pointer to be controlled by the movement of the user’s finger on the surface. In some cases it can also be used to select items by clicking on the pad with the finger.
turnaround document: a document originally produced by a computer which contains a certain amount of data. More data is entered manually and then this is used as a means of direct input.
type check: a validation check ensuring that input data is of a certain type ie whole numbers, dates and so on.
U
update: the process of changing information in a file or document that has become out of date.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): an 'address' pointing to a certain site on the Internet. A URL is rather like a route which the computer uses to find a particular site, for example, http://www.ccea.org.uk
V
virus: A computer virus is a program that has been created to do damage to a computer system. The ability to replicate (reproduce themselves exactly) themselves is a feature of most of them. They can be spread in many ways, the most popular of which is by email or from the inclusion of macros in WORD or Excel. It is also possible to transfer viruses by a floppy disk which has taken data from an infected machine.
validation: A check performed by a computer program to make sure that the data is complete, reasonable and allowable.
verification: A check performed mainly by humans to ensure the integrity of data … ie that it has been entered or copied correctly and accurately.
virtual reality: Virtual reality is a simulated multidimensional environment created by computer technology. It is used extensively in training and entertainment
W
WAN (Wide Area Network): A computer network where the various workstations are separated by large distances, and must communicate by using telephone lines or satellite.
web page: any HTML file available on the World Wide Web and accessible using a URL. A Web site is a combination of these pages.
Web Master: person in charge of the web pages at a particular web site.
Windows Operating System: A graphical user interface (GUI) which provides an easy way to access programs and data on the computer It is sometimes referred to as the WIMP interface. Windows (an area on the screen through which a particular piece of software or a data file may be viewed) Icons, Mouse and Pull-down menus.
word processor: a software application which allows text to be typed using a keyboard and displayed on a monitor. It can then be edited, saved and printed.
workstation: a client computer on a LAN or WAN used to run application programs such as a word processor, spreadsheet and database.
World Wide Web or Web: a system for navigating the Internet using hypertext links. With a web browser it appears as a collection of multimedia 'pages'.
write protect notch: a notch on a disk which, when opened, will not allow data to be written on to the disk.
A
access: the process of obtaining data from a computer.
access provider: a business that sells Internet connections and services to home users, schools and other businesses.
ActiveX control: a feature of a web page, not available with the HTML language, which provides special features such as animation.
actuator: a hardware device, such as a motor, which is controlled by signals from a computer or microprocessor-based control unit.
ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter): an electronic device which changes analogue data, in the form of continuously changing values such as temperature or pressure, into digital signals.
applet: a small, self-contained application written in Java and executable by all modern browsers
application program: a computer program or group of programs which is used to undertake specific tasks. For example a word processor, spreadsheet program or database management system.
archiving: storing copies of important files for reference purposes.
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange. One of the most popularcodes for storing data. All letters and symbols are stored as a number (which ranges from 0 to 127 on most machines). The code for the letter ‘A’ is 65 (or 41in Hex); the letter ‘a’ is 97; space is 32, delete is 127.
ATM: Automated Telling Machine. The hole in the wall from which users can obtain money from a bank or building society.
automation: the automatic controlling of a system or process without any human intervention.
B
background sound: a sound file that is linked to a web page. When the page loads the sound file 'plays'.
backup: This is the process of taking a copy of the data on the system and keeping it away from the computer in a safe place. Different processes and media are used for this. Tape streaming is one of the most popular and most systems are set to perform this backup during the night when the school, college or firm is closed.
bandwidth: a measure of how much data can travel over a transmission medium in a given period of time. Bandwidth is measured in bits per second (bps). The greater the bandwidth the more data can travel.
barcode: a code formed by coloured line of different thickness which can be input directly to a computer system.
batch processing: This is a common form of processing in electricity or telephone systems. The data is held in batches and processing takes place continuously without human intervention.
baud: a measure of how much bandwidth a transmission medium has. It is not used so much nowadays and we tend to use bits per second (bps).
billing: this is simply the process of producing bills or accounts for some service like electricity, gas or telephone.
bit: binary digit 0 or 1.
bitmap: an image represented by patterns of tiny rectangular dots called pixels (picture elements)
bridge: a hardware device that is used to divide a network into a number of isolated groups of computer workstations, while maintaining the overall network structure.
browser: a client application used to view information from the Internet. A browser provides an easy-to-use interface for accessing information.
buffer: an area in a keyboard or printer where data is stored in a temporary capacity before it is finally processed.
byte: the amount of memory required to store one character, such as a letter or number. There are eight bits in one byte. A Kilobyte (Kb) is 1024 bytes, a Megabyte(Mb) is 1024 Kb; a Gigabyte(Gb) is 1024 Mb
C
cache Memory: A cache is a small capacity fast memory, too expensive to be used for the whole of RAM. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and main memory and is used to improve the overall speed of the computer since it is used primarily to keep the most active portions of the program being used.
CAD: Computer Aided Design. A method of using the computer usually with vector graphics to produce high quality technical drawings.
CD-ROM: compact disc - read only memory.
cell: an area in a spreadsheet where data can be placed. It can be referenced by giving its row and column.
character: any symbol that can be typed from the keyboard.
check digit: An extra digit generated by some mathematical process that is placed after a string of numbers to ensure that they have been correctly input. ISBN is a good example.
client: an application program which can be used to retrieve information from a server. Internet clients use World Wide Web browsers.
clip-art: a catalogue of basic, ready-made graphic images which can be pasted into other software applications. Often used in desktop publishing to help create posters, flyers, advertisements etc.
computer crime: This is the name given to any type of electronic fraud. It covers credit and debit cards, electronic funds transfer, software piracy and any other general misuse of a computer system.
Computer Misuse Act 1991: This act deals with planting viruses, hacking into someone’s system and using a computer for any other type of fraud.
configuration: the attributes of the hardware that is needed to set up a computer system.
cookie: the name given to the string of text that identifies the user to certain websites.
Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1989: This act makes it a criminal offence to copy or steal software or manuals.
CPU (Central Processing Unit): the chip which controls the computer. It consists of the ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), the control unit and the memory.
chip: a thin slice of silicon on which an integrated circuit (IC) has been etched.
CSV (Comma Separated Variables): a csv file contains data which can easily be transferred into spreadsheets and databases. For example, weather data collected from an electronic weather station is often stored in csv file format. Each item of data is separated from the next by a comma.
cyberspace: the place you 'visit' when you are connected (via a modem) to the World Wide Web and interact using a web browser.
cybersurfer: a person who uses the World Wide Web.
D
data: information in a form that a computer is able to understand.
data capture: The way by which a computer obtains its data for processing.
data checking: Ensuring that data is complete, reasonable and accurately copied from one source to another.
data compression: Taking files on disk and using software to reduce their size so that they take up less space on a disk.
data logging: a system that uses a computer automatically to collect and store data over a period of time. An electronic weather station is a good example.
data integrity: data integrity is concerned with the correctness of data. Validation and verification checks are both used to ensure the integrity of data.
data portability: the ability to transfer data from one computer system or software package to another.
data processing: taking 'raw' data such as weather data from an electronic weather station and using it to produce useful output such as rainfall bar charts or temperature graphs.
Data Protection Act 1998: A law which restricts the way in which data is collected, stored and processed on computer and other filing systems.
database:a group of related data items, typically organised into a number of records (eg a record for each pupil in the school) with each record divided into a number of fields (eg name, telephone number, date of birth).
database management system: an application program which provides for the input, storage, organisation and interrogation of a database.
data structure: The way data is organised to ensure efficient processing: this may be in lists, arrays, stacks, queues or trees.
debugging: to remove all the errors from a program.
DTP: Desk Top Publishing: the use of an application program which can be used to combine text of different sizes and styles with pictures to produce posters, flyers and newsletters.
digital camera: a camera which has many similarities to an ordinary camera ie a lens, shutter, flash, zoom but which uses a smart media to record the images. The definition of the image is determined by the number of pixels and colours that are stored. Pictures are downloaded from the smart media onto an ordinary PC using a lead and one of the ports. Some cameras allow the user to record the images directly on to floppy disk which either fits into the camera or allows the smart media to be inserted into a floppy adaptor. Digital photographs for internet use are stored at 72dpi (dots per inch)
digital TV: digital TV uses a broadband connection and so can offer a greater range of channels, CD quality sound and better vision. There is also the opportunity for NVOD (Near Video On Demand) and other interactive services.
digitiser: sometimes known as a graphics tablet. A cursor, pen or other device is used to 'trace' over the diagram and convert it to digital data for screen display. They can be any size from A4 to A0 (about the size of a desk)or larger.
disc: a type of storage medium used to hold data and programs.
document: a file, mainly made up of text, produced by a word processor or desktop publisher.
documentation: the materials that accompany an information system explaining how it works and how it should be installed.
DOS: Disc Operating System. An application program which controls the computer.
dot matrix printer: an impact printer that produces characters by using a print head with either 24 or 9 pins that ’punch’ through a ribbon on to paper. Good for multipart stationery.
download: the electronic transfer of information from a host or server computer to a client computer.
dpi: dots per inch. The term used to describe the resolution of a printer. A laser is typically 300, 600 or 1200 dpi. The more dpi the sharper the image.
E
E-commerce: This is selling goods or services over the Internet, as opposed to using traditional methods such as buying goods or services from shops or trading using the telephone.
EDI: Electronic Data Interchange. A system that allows for paperless communication.
edit: to make changes to a document or file. It may mean adding an item of data, deleting items or simply making changes to a word or other item.
EFT: Electronic Fund Transfer. The process of transferring money electronically from one bank to another or form one firm to another.
EFTPOS: Electronic Fund Transfer at the Point of Sale.
electronic mail: usually called e-mail, it is a service for sending messages and files electronically over computer networks.
e-mail address: a unique address to which messages can be sent on the Internet.
encryption: this is a technique used when important data is transmitted from one place to another. The data is coded before being sent and is decoded at the receiving end. An example of this would be sending credit cards details over the Internet when making payment for goods.
EPOS: An Electronic Point Of Sales terminal ensures the electronic transfer of funds at the point of sale ie in a supermarket EPOS is used at the checkouts to provide the customer receipt and, at the same time, update the items in stock. It is an example of EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer)
ergonomics: this is a term describing the correct design of computer and other equipment so that humans be comfortable in their use of computer systems ie how they are able to sit at machines, what type of keyboards they use, how well lights are placed in a room and so on.
Ethernet: a common type of local area network (LAN).
expert systems: software that behaves in much the same way as a human expert would in a certain field of knowledge.
export: most application packages allow the file to be saved in a different format. This is sometimes only possible using the 'export' facility in the package's menu.
eyestrain: This also includes blurred vision and irritated eyes. It is caused by looking at a screen for long periods without focusing periodically at distance objects.
F
fax: a machine which is able to both send and receive text and pictures by using a telephone line.
feedback: This is the name for a process which sends the output data back to the system in such a way that it is able to influence the next input. It is essential for controlling the temperature and humidity of a greenhouse or to change the lights in traffic control systems. It is also used to control the temperature of heating systems or of washing machines and tumble driers.
fibre optic cable: a cable which is made up of thin strands of glass, along which light signals can pass to communicate. There is no need to refresh the signal no matter how long the cable is.
field: a section in a database record into which data is entered, eg surname, date of birth.
file: a document stored by a computer. A file may be a word-processor document, an image, a database or indeed any single, identifiable collection of information.
firewall: a method used to protect a computer network. It prevents access to the protected network but allows the protected network to access other networks outside the firewall.
flat files: A ‘flat file’ is the name given to a collection of records which apply to one particular topic and which do not relate in any way to another collection of records.
floppy disc: a flexible magnetic disc used to store data and program software. Most PCs use 3.5inch floppy discs which are housed in a plastic case.
flowchart: a diagram which is used to show the various stages which occur in a particular information system.
font: a style of typeface like Times or Helvetica. Some are serif ie they have little tails … others are sans serif … just plain (like this text)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): an Internet protocol which allows a user on one computer to transfer files to/from another computer.
G
GIF (graphics interchange format): a common image file format used in Web pages.
grammar check: A utility program that scans text in a word processor to ensure that it is grammatically correct. On suggestions are made about how to fix it if is suspect.
graphics: graphs or charts which are displayed, either on the computer screen or printed out, using an appropriate software application such as a spreadsheet with graphing facilities.
graph plotter: an output device that draws by moving pens of different colours. It is used extensively with CAD
GUI: Graphical User Interface
H
hacking: this is the process of gaining access to someone else’s data without their permission. A hacker is a person who tries to break into a secure computer system.
hard copy: a printout from a computer.
hard disc or drive: a rigid magnetic disc which provides storage space on a computer for data or software applications. It has more storage space and a quicker access time than a floppy disc.
hardware: the components of a computer system that you can actually touch.
HTML (hypertext mark-up language): a simple programming language used to write World Wide Web pages.
high level language: a programming language where each instruction corresponds to several machine code instructions. Instructions in this language must be translated by a compiler or interpreter before they can be processed.
http (hypertext transfer protocol): used when you are visiting Web pages. Your request to access certain information from the Web is sent using http. When you see a URL that begins with 'http://' you know that address points to a Web page.
hub: a hardware device used to join a number of workstations to the rest of the LAN by means of only one link.
hypertext: text displayed on a computer screen which includes hyperlinks. When an hyperlink is clicked on the screen it shows another region of the page, or another hypertext page is displayed.
I
ICON: a small picture representing an item such as a piece of software, a file, storage medium or command.
IE (Internet Explorer): a popular World Wide Web browser.
import: this is a facility within an application package that allows a file, data, graphics, sound or video to be brought into the package for further manipulation or processing.
Information and Data: Information is what is obtained from the analysis of data. Ie it is data to which a meaning has been attached. 01012000 is just an item of data but when it stand for the 1st day of this new millennium it becomes an item of information. Data is information in a form that a computer is able to understand.
information technology: a combination of hardware and software used to make day to day tasks easier to perform. IT embraces a range of areas including computing, communications and electronics.
ink jet printer: a printer that works by spraying ink through nozzles on to the paper.
input: data entered into a computer for processing.
interface: a piece of hardware that protects the computer from much higher voltages from the input source and, at the same time, provide analog(ue) to digital and digital to analog(ue) conversion.
interactive: a program or system that allows the user to respond to questions from the computer.
Internet: the world-wide computer network composed of thousands of wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). It uses the TCP/IP protocol to communicate.
interrogation: the process in which information is retrieved from a file e.g. searching a database file.
Intranet: A collection of web based materials, similar to those on the Internet but stored on a server within an organisation and only accessible to members of that organisation eg a school or business.
IP (Internet Protocol): software used on the Internet to divide data ready for transmission into packets. A computer must be running IP to communicate using the Internet (see TCP).
ISDN (integrated services digital network): a set of standards for high-speed digital communications that provide both voice and data services over a regular phone line.
ISP (Internet service provider): an organisation which provides access to the Internet via dial-up telephone lines.
J
Java applet: a small program, attached to a web page, which is written using the Java programming language. The program runs when the web page is accessed by a web browser.
JPEG (joint photographic experts group): a common image file format.
joystick: A joystick is an input device which enables the user to control movement on the screen by manoeuvring a small lever instead of using the cursor keys or mouse.
K
K or Kb (Kilobyte): There are 1024 bytes in a kilobyte. It is used to measure the storage space of computer memory and discs.
keyboard: an input device which consists of a standard QWERTY (or other, eg AZERTY in France) keyboard and usually also includes a calculator key pad and a range of special keys. Concept keyboards are widely used in education, supermarkets and fast food outlets. They have larger (coloured) keys which can be progammed in some way to work with an overlay.
kimball tag: a small piece of card or plastic with holes punched in it to represent a code. It is used mainly in clothes shops for stock control.
L
LAN (local area network): a network of computers confined to a small area such as a school or office) and separated by relatively short distances.
laptop: a portable computer using rechargeable batteries and with an LCD screen.
laser printer: an output device that uses a laser beam to form characters on the paper. The resolution of the print is measured in dpi (dots per inch) this is typically anything from 300 to 1200 on most school systems.
length check: A validation check to ensure that input data does exceed a certain length. Sometimes and exact length is required in this case.
levels of access: This is usually required in the access of data from databases. In a Health Centre for instance, doctors require a higher level of access to patients’ data than receptionists.
LOGO: A computer language which can, among other things, control the movement of a screen 'turtle'. Used extensively in modelling.
lookup table or predefined list: A type of validation check that is set up by the designer to ensure that input is selected from a given set of inputs in a table or list. In some cases the user may add to this list if the option he or she requires is unavailable.
loop: a sequence of steps in a program that is used to repeat an action.
M
mail server: the computer at your service provider which directs e-mail messages to and from your computer. It also sends files to your e-mail address.
mailbox: the file where your incoming e-mail messages are stored.
mailto: the Internet protocol used to send electronic mail.
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. A method of direct input that involves reading one of 14 specially produced characters in magnetic ink. The amount of ink represents the character. It is used extensively in cheque processing.
memory: a storage area needed by a computer which is found on certain silicon chips. ROM and RAM chips are examples of memory chips.
megabyte (Mb): a megabyte consists of one million bytes.
megahertz (MHz): one million cycles per second, the unit used to measure the speed of the internal clock of a computer. The clock controls the speed of the pulses. The performance of a computer will largely depend upon the 'clock speed' and chip design of the CPU.
merge: to combine data from two or more sources ... perhaps to produce address labels.
microphone: An input device used to convert sound waves or signals into electric signals. Used with a mixer, it may be used to combine many signals together to give the final recording. Most computers now have a microphone build in to the machine.
model: a computer model consists of a series of equations or combination of formulae that describes the behaviour of a process. There is a suble difference between a model and a simulation ... a simulation really is what happens when values are fed into a model.
modem: this stands for MOdulator/DEModulator. A modem is used to convert data from the computer so that it can be transmitted along a telephone line and vice versa.
monitor: the screen, connected to a computer, on which data is displayed. It is also often referred to as a VDU (Visual Display Unit). Monitors have differing resolutions determined by the number of pixels (picture elements) displayed at any one time ... so 1024 by 768 means that there are 1024 columns with 768 pixels in each. The size of a screen (17” for example) refers to the length of the diagonal on the screen.
Mosaic: a World Wide Web browser.
mouse: an input device which controls the screen pointer or cursor.
MP3: MP3 stands for ‘motion picture expert’ and is a method used to compress CD-quality sound music to about one tenth of the file size compared to a normal CD. About 14 hours of music can be stored on a CD.
MPEG: Moving Pictures Expert Group. This is a standard system for storage of multimedia. It is extremely good at compression and storage of video and animation material.
MS-DOS: Microsoft Disc Operating System. This is a common operating system.
multimedia: the combination of different forms of presentation such as graphics, sound, animation and video.
N
netiquette: an informal set of rules and guidelines for using e-mail and newsgroups.
Netscape: a popular World Wide Web browser.
network: a group of computers which are connected together so that they can communicate with each other. There are two main types of network: local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).
network security: Network security is the process of taking both physical and software means of protecting data from misuse by others or from a malfunction or system crash.
newsgroup: an electronic 'message board' for information on a particular topic. Members of a newsgroup post messages to the newsgroup and all other members receive them automatically.
NIC (Network Interface Card): this provides the connection between the computer and the network.
O
OCR: Optical Character Recognition. A combination of software and a scanner which is able to read characters directly into a computer.
OMR: Optical Mark Reader/Recognition. A reader that detects marks in a certain position on a piece of paper. This works in one of two ways … it either reads the amount of carbon deposited by an (HB) pencil or recognises that a mark is there by the varying amount of reflection in the standardised boxes.
on-line services: This is the name given to any service that can be bought or hired using a computer system. It has uses in shopping, banking, making reservations or in e-commerce.
operating system: a program which controls the computer and runs all of the software applications.
optical storage devices: the generic name given to a series of optical disks of which CD ROMs, CD-R ie CD-Recordable drive which has read and write capacity. Using this device about 650Mb of data can be written in about 15 minutes. Standard CD-R disks can only be written to once (WORM … Write Once, Read Many) but there is a type of disk called CD-RW. With suitable drives these disks can be written, erased and rewritten. DVD (Digital Versatile Disks) are also examples of Optical Disks. DVDs have much higher capacity than CDs … probably about 6 to 7 times as much (typically between 4.7 and 17Gb). The latest generation of DVDs allows users to write to disk. DVDs are increasingly being used to store movies and offer the viewer a choice of languages.
organisation types on the Internet:
.com: an organisation type with an e-mail address located in the domain of a commercial business.
.edu: an organisation type with an e-mail address located in the domain of an educational institution.
.net: an organisation type with an e-mail address located in the domain of a network company.
output: the results of the processing of data by a computer.
P
password: an expression (usually 8 to 10 characters) chosen by the user which combines with their user_id to provide safe and secure access to a network or program
peripheral: a hardware device which is attached to a computer and under the control of the CPU.
PIC, PICT and PICT2: an apple graphics standard format
plotter: a plotter is an output device that work on the principle of a mechanical arm or gantry that holds a pen (or pens) which is controlled by computer. The paper is held on a flat bed or on a drum. The output produced is made up of high quality continuous (and different coloured) lines.
PPP (point-to-point): a method of Internet access that enables your computer to talk with your service provider's system via a modem.
presence check: A validation check ensuring that some data is actually input.
Presentation Package: an application package that allows the user to make a series of multimedia slides. Powerpoint is the best known example.
protocol: a method of accessing a document or service over the Internet such as http (hypertext transfer protocol).
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network. The technical name for the ‘ordinary’ telephone network … much of it is now digital but some is still analogue
R
RAM: Random Access Memory. An area of memory that can be accessed very quickly, acting as a temporary storage area for program applications and data.
radiation: VDUs and monitors give out radiation as the function. There is little evidence to suggest it is a major problem although there have been stories of abnormal births in pregnant women who have been using VDUs for long periods of time. There is also a fear that it might be a side effect of using mobile phones.
range Check: A validation check ensuring that input data is within a certain range … eg marks for an exam between 0 and 100
real time: a real time system accepts data and processes it (almost) immediately. The results have a direct effect on the next set of available data. Used in booking systems.
record: a set of related data items about a person or object, e.g. the personal record of a student in school.
relational databases: A database is a group of related data items, typically organised into a number of records (eg a record for each pupil in the school) with each record divided into a number of fields (eg name, telephone number, date of birth). A relational database differs from a flat file in that it can be accessed from one single source since the data in the tables are related to each other in some way using key fields.
robot: an electronic machine that has been programmed to carry out some mechanical task.
ROM: Read Only Memory. As the name suggests this is an area of memory which can store software programs and data, but cannot be changed by a program or user.
router: a hardware device which allows one network to connect to another. The router is used by the service provider to provide the link to special data transmission lines required to access the Internet.
RSI: Repetitive Strain Injury. This is the name given to a condition caused to the joint in the fingers constantly being pounded by typing at high speed. It is painful and can lead to long term disability.
RTF: Rich Text Format. A way of transferring data from one source to another which keeps some of the original formatting. Ie the tab settings, line breaks, bold and italic type styles can be transferred as well as the actual words.
S
scanner: A scanner is an input device used to convert pictures, graphics, barcodes and text to computer data. There are two main types: Hand held devices which is moved across the item being scanned and Flat-bed types on to which the document is positioned. OCR is a very popular way of capturing large amounts of text for processing.
screen dump: a printout or copy of what appears on the screen.
search engine: An information retrieval utility which allows web users to enter search criteria in the form of keywords or phrases to receive database entries satisfying the criteria. Among the most well known are InfoSeek, Lycos, Altavista and Yahoo.
sensor: an electronic device used to measure physical quantities such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and so on.
server: any host computer that provides resources to client computers.
service provider: a business that sells Internet connections to home users, schools and other businesses.
shareware: software which can be downloaded from the World Wide Web. Unlike Freeware, which you can download and keep, shareware is normally available for only a limited amount of time.
Smart card: A plastic card that stores data on a microchip. This data can be changed by certain machines.
snail mail: regular paper mail sent through the post.
software: the programs used in a computer.
spell checker: A utility program that is available within most word processors and other programs that deal with text. The spellchecker highlights words that are not in its word bank either because they have been wrongly spelt or are outside its range: eg proper names or countries. The user has the option of adding to the word bank.
spreadsheet program: a software application for processing numbers using formulae, often used to produce graphics, and also to help in financial planning.
stock control: modern stock control systems are dependent on the computer. As the name implies it is simply a matter of ensuring that there is always enough stock to meet demand but never too much since that ties up money that could be used for other purposes in the business.
store card: most large stores try to attract customers by offering them discounts (points) and other incentives. Some even allow a certain credit limit for spending within the store. Data is often sold on to other agencies.
surf: to travel through cyberspace.
swipe (or strip(e)) card: A plastic card that holds data on a magnetic strip or stripe. This data is usually static and read only ie it cannot be changed by anyone reading from it.
T
TIFF: Tag Image File Format: one of the standard ways of storing and exchanging bit-mapped graphics files across different platforms.
tape streamer: a high capacity device used to back up the data contained on hard drives.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): a software program which is used to control the transmission of data packets across the Internet. This program must be running on a computer for it to communicate with Internet servers (see IP)
teleconferencing: teleconferencing allows people to conduct conversations with people in different parts of the country or the world using a computer, a telephone and a video camera.
TFT: Thin Film Transistor. A thin screen used on laptops/notebooks or in desktops where space is limited.
thesaurus: A software utility found mainly in word processors that suggest words that are similar in meaning to the ones highlighted by the user.
touch sensitive screen: an input device which has is sensitive to touch. Items are selected by touching the screen with a finger. Ideal for use in Banks and building societies, restaurants or bars and tourist information systems.
toner: tiny black plastic particles used by laser printers as the ‘ink’ in printing.
tracker ball: An input device that is a bit like an upside down mouse.
tracker pad: An input device that is sometimes referred to as a glide pad or touch sensitive pad. Usually found on laptops, it is sensitive membrane that allows the pointer to be controlled by the movement of the user’s finger on the surface. In some cases it can also be used to select items by clicking on the pad with the finger.
turnaround document: a document originally produced by a computer which contains a certain amount of data. More data is entered manually and then this is used as a means of direct input.
type check: a validation check ensuring that input data is of a certain type ie whole numbers, dates and so on.
U
update: the process of changing information in a file or document that has become out of date.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): an 'address' pointing to a certain site on the Internet. A URL is rather like a route which the computer uses to find a particular site, for example, http://www.ccea.org.uk
V
virus: A computer virus is a program that has been created to do damage to a computer system. The ability to replicate (reproduce themselves exactly) themselves is a feature of most of them. They can be spread in many ways, the most popular of which is by email or from the inclusion of macros in WORD or Excel. It is also possible to transfer viruses by a floppy disk which has taken data from an infected machine.
validation: A check performed by a computer program to make sure that the data is complete, reasonable and allowable.
verification: A check performed mainly by humans to ensure the integrity of data … ie that it has been entered or copied correctly and accurately.
virtual reality: Virtual reality is a simulated multidimensional environment created by computer technology. It is used extensively in training and entertainment
W
WAN (Wide Area Network): A computer network where the various workstations are separated by large distances, and must communicate by using telephone lines or satellite.
web page: any HTML file available on the World Wide Web and accessible using a URL. A Web site is a combination of these pages.
Web Master: person in charge of the web pages at a particular web site.
Windows Operating System: A graphical user interface (GUI) which provides an easy way to access programs and data on the computer It is sometimes referred to as the WIMP interface. Windows (an area on the screen through which a particular piece of software or a data file may be viewed) Icons, Mouse and Pull-down menus.
word processor: a software application which allows text to be typed using a keyboard and displayed on a monitor. It can then be edited, saved and printed.
workstation: a client computer on a LAN or WAN used to run application programs such as a word processor, spreadsheet and database.
World Wide Web or Web: a system for navigating the Internet using hypertext links. With a web browser it appears as a collection of multimedia 'pages'.
write protect notch: a notch on a disk which, when opened, will not allow data to be written on to the disk.
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